李文斯顿(1813～1873年)
Livingstone, David
苏格兰传教士、到非洲的探险家。出生於工人家庭。曾在格拉斯哥学习神学和医学，1840年受神职，决定到非洲工作，为殖民而打开它的内部地区，传播福音，并废除奴隶贸易。到1842年他已经准备好要比任何一个白人更深入开普殖民地前沿以北地区。1849年他是到达恩加米湖的第一个欧洲人，1854年又第一个到达卢安达。1855年他发现了维多利亚瀑布，再穿过大陆到达东部的莫三比克（1856, 1862），考察了马拉威地区（1861～1863），发现了姆韦鲁湖和班韦乌卢湖（1867），并进一步深入到坦干伊喀湖的东面（1871），比以前的任何一个探险家走得更远。他试图找到尼罗河的源头（1867～1871），但没有成功。1871年被史坦利发现时，他的健康状况正在恶化，但他拒绝离开。1873年非洲的助手们发现他已经死了。李文斯顿创作了一种复杂的知识体，包括地理、技术、医学和社会，需要花几十年时间去开采。在他的一生中，激发起了任何地方讲英语人群的想像力。人们也记住他是英国文明中的一个伟大人物。
English version：
1813～1873年
Livingstone, David
Scottish missionary and explorer in Africa. Of working-class origins, Livingstone studied theology and medicine in Glasgow before being ordained (1840) and deciding to work in Africa to open up the interior for colonization, extend the Gospel, and abolish the slave trade. By 1842 he had already penetrated farther north of the Cape Colony frontier than any other white man. He was the first European to reach Lake Ngami (1849) and the first to reach Luanda from the interior (1854). He discovered Victoria Falls (1855), journeyed across the continent to eastern Mozambique (1856, 1862), explored the Lake Malawi region (1861-63), discovered Lakes Mweru and Bangweulu (1867), and penetrated to points farther east of Lake Tanganyika than any previous expedition had managed (1871). His attempt to find the source of the Nile (1867-71) failed. When found by Henry Morton Stanley in 1871, his health was failing; he refused to leave, and in 1873 was found dead by African aides. Livingstone produced a complex body of knowledge—geographic, technical, medical, and social—that took decades to mine. In his lifetime he stirred the imagination of English-speaking peoples everywhere and was celebrated as one of the great figures of British civilization.