蒙古_综合百科_百问中文

蒙古(Mongolia)，亦称外蒙古（Outer Mongolia）。

亚洲中北部内陆国家，介於俄罗斯与中国之间。面积1,566,500平方公里。人口约2,435,000（2001）。首都︰乌兰巴托。全国约4/5人口为蒙古人，其余少数人口包括哈萨克人、俄罗斯人和中国人。语言︰喀尔喀蒙古语、突厥诸语言、俄语、汉语。宗教：佛教密宗（喇嘛教）占96%，伊斯兰教。货币︰图格里克（Tug）。蒙古全境平均海拔约1,580公尺，三条山脉－－阿尔泰山脉、杭爱山脉、肯特山脉－－延伸至北部和西部，南部和东部是戈壁荒漠。牲畜饲养约占农业生产总值的70%，特别是饲养羊；小麦为主要谷物。丰富的矿产资源包括煤、铁矿石和锡。政府形式为共和国，一院制。国家元首为总统，政府首脑是总理。

早在新石器时代，蒙古即有三五成群的猎人和游牧民居住。西元前3世纪期间成为匈奴帝国的中心，西元4～10世纪突厥人占统治地位。13世纪初期，成吉思汗（元太祖）统一蒙古各部族，并征服了中亚。其继承人窝阔台（元太宗）於1234年征服中国的金朝。1279年忽必烈（元世祖）在中国建立元朝。14世纪以後，明朝将蒙古的活动范围局限於他们自己原来的乾草原家乡。林丹汗（1604～1634年在位）统一蒙古部族以对抗满族，他死後，蒙古成为中国清朝的一部分。1644年内蒙古并入中国。1912年满清王朝垮台，蒙古王公在沙俄支持下宣布蒙古脱离中国独立，1921年在苏联部队的帮助下赶走了中国人。1924年成立蒙古人民共和国，1946年中国承认其政权。1922年通过新宪法，并将国名确定为蒙古。

English version：

Mongolia

Country (pop., 1997 est.: 2,370,000), northern central Asia, between Russia and China. Area: 604,800 sq mi (1,566,500 sq km). Capital: Ulaanbaatar. Almost four-fifths of the population are Mongols; minorities consist of Kazaks, Russians, and Chinese. Languages: Khalkha Mongolian, Turkic languages, Russian, Chinese. Religions: Tantric Buddhism (Lamaism) 96%; Islam. Currency: tugrik. Mongolia averages an elevation of about 5,200 ft (1,580 m) above sea level. Three mountain ranges stretch across the north and west: the Altai, the Hangayn (Khangai), and the Hentiyn (Khentei). The south and east are occupied by the Gobi Desert. Livestock raising, especially sheep raising, accounts for about 70% of the total value of agricultural production; wheat is the major crop. Mongolia's rich mineral resources include coal, iron ore, and tin. It is a republic with one legislative house; its chief of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. In Neolithic times it was inhabited by small groups of hunters and nomads. During the 3rd century BC it became the center of the Xiongnu empire. Turks held sway in the 4th-10th century AD. In the early 13th century Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes and conquered central Asia. His successor, Ogodei, conquered the Jin (Chin) dynasty of China in 1234. Kublai Khan established the Yuan, or Mongol, dynasty in China in 1279. After the 14th century, the Ming dynasty of China confined the Mongols to their original homeland in the steppes. Ligdan Khan (r. 1604-34) united Mongol tribes in defense against the Manchu, but after his death, the Mongols became part of the Chinese Qing (Ch'ing) dynasty. Inner Mongolia was incorporated into China in 1644. After the fall of the Manchu dynasty in 1912, Mongol princes, supported by Russia, declared Mongolia's independence from China, and in 1921 Russian forces helped drive off the Chinese. The Mongolian People's Republic was established in 1924, and was recognized by China in 1946. The nation adopted a new constitution in 1992 and shortened its name to Mongolia.

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