黑格尔(1770～1831年)
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
德国哲学家。曾担任教师，後来成为纽伦堡高级中学的校长（1808～1816），接着在柏林大学任教（1818～1831）。他的工作承接康德、费希特、谢林之後，象徵了後康德时期的德国观念论的发展颠峰。黑格尔是一个绝对观念论论者，他受到重新审视基督教的启发，并根据自己广博的知识，在辩证架构下为万物－－逻辑的、自然的、人类的、宗教的－－找到归属，这个架构一再从肯定命题摆荡到反命题，然後又回到更高更丰富的综合结论。他的全面体系把哲学置於历史和文化的所有问题范畴内，其中没有一样可再被视为与自身能力无关。同时，它剥夺了所有隐含的要素和问题的自主性，将之减化为一个过程的象徵性表现，即绝对精神对自我的追求与征服。主要作品有《精神现象学》（1807）、《哲学全书纲要》（1817）、《法哲学原理》（1821）。黑格尔主义在它所引起的反应－－见於齐克果、马克思、摩尔和维也纳学圈－－与其正面影响同样丰富。黑格尔被视为最後一位伟大哲学体系的创建者。
English version：
1770～1831年
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
German philosopher. After working as a tutor, he was headmaster of the gymnasium at Nürnberg (1808-16) and then taught principally at the University of Berlin (1818-31). His work, following on that of Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and F. W. Schelling, marks the pinnacle of post-Kantian German idealism. As an absolute idealist inspired by Christian insights and grounded in his mastery of a vast fund of knowledge, Hegel found a place for everything—logical, natural, human, and divine—in a dialectical scheme that repeatedly swung from thesis to antithesis and back again to a higher and richer synthesis. His panoramic system engaged philosophy in the consideration of all the problems of history and culture, none of which could any longer be deemed foreign to its competence. At the same time, it deprived all the implicated elements and problems of their autonomy, reducing them to symbolic manifestations of the one process, that of the Absolute Spirit's quest for and conquest of its own self. His principal works are Phenomenology of Mind (1807), Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817), and Philosophy of Right (1821). Hegelianism has been as fertile in the reactions it precipitated—in Soren Kierkegaard, Karl Marx, G. E. Moore, and the Vienna Circle—as in its positive impact. Hegel is regarded as the last of the great philosophical system builders.