语法(grammar)
说明音系学、形态学、句法和语义学的语言规则，亦指论述上列规则的摘要。最早编写语法的欧洲人是希腊人，最有名的是西元前1世纪的亚历山大派。罗马人将希腊的语法系统应用至拉丁语中。拉丁语法学家多纳图斯（A. Donatus，西元4世纪）及普里西安（Priscian，西元6世纪）的作品，在中世纪欧洲被广泛使用於教授拉丁语法。至1700年，已编印出六十一种通俗口语语法，主要用於教授和语言规范的标准化。19～20世纪，语言学家开始把研究重点转至语言的演进过程。描写语法学家（参阅Saussure, Ferdinand de）经由收集分析语句来研究语言，转换－生成语法学家（参阅Chomsky, Noam）则研究语言的深层结构（参阅generative grammar）。过去语法被用来教授使能够正确地说、写，至今仍然是初等和中等教育的基础。
English version：
grammar
Rules of a language governing its phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics; also, a written summary of such rules. The first Europeans to write grammar texts were the Greeks, notably the Alexandrians of the lst century BC. The Romans applied the Greek grammatical system to Latin. The works of the Latin grammarians Donatus (4th century AD) and Priscian (6th century) were widely used to teach grammar in medieval Europe. By 1700, grammars of 61 vernacular languages had been printed. These were mainly used for teaching and were intended to reform or standardize language. In the 19th-20th century, linguists began studying languages to trace their evolution rather than to prescribe correct usage. Descriptive linguists (see Ferdinand de Saussure) studied spoken language by collecting and analyzing sample sentences. Transformational grammarians (see Noam Chomsky) examined the underlying structure of language (see generative grammar). The older approach to grammar as a body of rules needed to speak and write correctly is still the basis of primary and secondary teaching.