专名(name)
用来指称个别实体的词或词组。用来指明一特定的人、地、物的专名，以第一个字母以大写书写，称为专有名词。包括了人名（如Christopher〔克里斯多福〕）、地名（如London〔伦敦〕）、艺术作品名称（如Mona Lisa〔蒙娜丽莎〕）和品牌名（如Vaseline〔凡士林〕）、历史事件或时代的名称（如蔷薇战争〔War of Roses〕）、政治、艺术、哲学运动名称（如Cubism〔立体主义〕）。人名可能从一个文化转到另一个文化，其形式常会因此而改变，如Jochanan（希伯莱语）、Johann（德语）、John（英语）、Ian（苏格兰）等。家族的姓有几种根源，显然始於贵族而逐渐传播开来。所取名字常常作为家世相传的基础，如Alfred（阿佛列）的父亲名字是John（约翰），他本人可能被称为Alfred Johnson。有的名字可能来自地名或职业名称，如亚威农城的亨利，可称为Henri d'Avignon；铁匠（blacksmith）罗伯（Robert），可能会称为Robert Smith後者就变成姓。
English version：
name
One or more words designating an individual entity. The names of certain specific people, places, and things, called proper nouns, are capitalized. Types of names include personal names (Christopher, Nancy), place-names (London, Nairobi), titles of works of art (Mona Lisa, Paradise Lost), brand names (Sanka, Vaseline), names of historical events or eras (War of the Roses, Renaissance), and political, artistic, or philosophical movements (Progressivism, Cubism). Personal names may pass from one culture to another, often changing form—Jochanan (Hebrew), Johann (German), John (English), Ian (Scottish), etc. Family names (surnames) are of more recent origin; the conventions that govern them have existed only since the 11th century. Many hereditary family names came from given names—for example, Alfred, the son of John, might be called Alfred Johnson. Others came from place-names or occupations—Henri from the town of Avignon might become Henri d'Avignon, and Robert, a blacksmith, might become Robert Smith.