舒曼(1810～1856年)
Schumann, Robert (Alexander)
德国作曲家。他是一名书商的儿子，曾立志成为小说家。在遵从母亲的愿望学习法律後，开始同维克（F. Wieck）学习钢琴而不去上课。1830年休学一学期成为了名家，并寄居在维克家中。1831年开始创作。1833年因早期交响乐得不到赏识、手部神秘受伤和长期疾病的困扰曾一度试图自杀。後来重新振作，在1834年创办了《音乐新杂志》。他被十六岁的克拉拉吸引，後者也不顾父亲的警告爱上了他。他们在1840年私自结婚，克拉拉父亲的努力阻挠最终失败。舒曼创作的第一个阶段随着大量钢琴乐曲的出版而结束了（1837～18739），当时的作品包括《大卫同盟舞曲》、《嘉年华》、《儿时情景》和《克莱斯勒偶记》，他之後在一个时期专注於一个单独的流派。1840年的「歌曲之年」後，他谱写了《诗人之恋》、《女人的爱情与生命》和其他一百多首曲子。接下来的一年，他专心创作交响乐，谱写了他的四部交响乐中的两部（第一号和第四号）以及他的钢琴协奏曲。他在1842年专心创作室内乐。最後的创作时期中，开始创作戏剧或半戏剧性的作品。由於精神上的恶化（或许同梅毒和家庭精神病史有关）加剧，他被送进了疗养院，两年後去世。
English version：
1810～1856年
Schumann, Robert (Alexander)
German composer. Son of a bookseller, he considered becoming a novelist. After taking up law studies to please his mother, he began studying piano with Friedrich Wieck instead of attending classes. In 1830 he took a term off to become a virtuoso and moved in with Wieck. In 1831 he began composing. The poor reception of an early symphony, a mysterious hand injury, and a long illness led to a suicide attempt in 1833. He emerged from it by starting a music journal, Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, in 1834. He was attracted by the 16-year-old Clara Wieck, who returned his feelings, to her father's alarm; the latter's efforts failed to prevent their marriage in 1840. The first phase of Schumann's compositional life ended with the publication (1837-39) of much piano music, including Davidsbündlert?nze, Carnaval, Kinderszenen, and Kreisleriana, and he thereafter concentrated on a single genre at a time. The “year of song,” 1840, resulted in the song cycles Dichterliebe and Frauenliebe und -leben and over 100 other songs. His next year was spent with orchestral music, producing two of his four symphonies (nos. 1 and 4) and his piano concerto; in 1842 he concentrated on chamber music. In his last productive years, he turned to dramatic or semidramatic works. His mental deterioration (probably associated with both syphilis and a family history of mental illness) accelerated; he was placed in a sanatorium and died there two years later.