剧院

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剧院(theater)

在观众眼前进行表演的建筑物或空间。剧院包含观众厅和舞台。在西方戏剧发源（西元前5世纪）的古希腊，剧院建於山与山之间的自然空地。观众坐在成排的半圆场地，面对合唱席，这是进行表演的平坦圆形空间。合唱席後方是永久性剧场背景建筑。伊莉莎白时期英国的剧院是透天的，观众从成叠的回廊或庭院观看。主要的革新是长方形伸出型舞台，三面由观众包围。第一个永久型室内剧院是帕拉弟奥（A. Palladio）在义大利维琴察所建的奥林匹克剧院（1585）。帕尔马的法尔内塞剧院（1618）设计出马蹄形观众厅和第一个永久型台口拱。巴洛克式欧洲宫廷剧院遵循着这种安排，内部有精巧的皇室叠式包厢。华格纳在德国拜罗伊特建立节日剧院（Festspielhaus，1876），它有扇形座位编排、深的管弦乐池、变暗的观众厅，与巴洛克式分层的观众厅截然不同，重新引进了仍被使用的古典原则。台口剧院盛行於17～20世纪，虽在20世纪依旧受到欢迎，却由伸出型舞台、圆环形剧场等其他类型的剧院辅助。在亚洲，舞台安排仍是简单的，观众通常非正式地群集於开放空间的周围，值得注意的例外是日本的能乐和歌舞伎。亦请参阅amphitheater、odeum。

English version：

theater

Building or space in which performances are given before an audience. It contains an auditorium and stage. In ancient Greece, where Western theater began (5th century BC), theaters were constructed in natural hollows between hills. The audience sat in a tiered semicircle facing the orchestra, a flat circular space where the action took place. Behind the orchestra was the skene. The theaters of Elizabethan England were open to the sky, with the audience looking on from tiered galleries or a courtyard. The main innovation was the rectangular thrust stage, surrounded on three sides by spectators. The first permanent indoor theater was Andrea Palladio's Olimpico Theater in Vicenza, Italy (1585). The Farnese Theater in Parma (1618) was designed with a horseshoe-shaped auditorium and the first permanent proscenium arch. Baroque European court theaters followed this arrangement, elaborating on the interior with tiered boxes for royalty. Richard Wagner's Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, Germany (1876), with its fan-shaped seating plan, deep orchestra pit, and darkened auditorium, departed from the Baroque stratified auditorium and reintroduced classical principles that are still in use. The proscenium theater prevailed in the 17th-20th century; though still popular in the 20th century, it was supplemented by other types of theaters, such as the thrust stage and theater-in-the-round. In Asia, stage arrangements have remained simple, with the audience usually grouped informally around an open space; notable exceptions are the No drama and kabuki of Japan. See also amphitheater, odeum.

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