蔷薇战争

蔷薇战争(1455～1485年)

Roses, Wars of the

在兰开斯特家族和约克家族之间爆发的旨在争夺英国王位的一系列王室内讧。这场战争是用两个家族的标志来命名的，即约克家族的白玫瑰和兰开斯特家族的红玫瑰。双方都因是爱德华三世的後嗣而要求获得王位。自1399年起，由兰开斯特家族拥有王位，但在亨利六世统治期间，国家陷入了近乎无政府状态。1453年，在亨利的一次疯病发作期间，约克家族的公爵被宣布成为这一地区的保护人。亨利在1455年恢复了他的统治权，战争也开始爆发。约克党人於1461年成功地将爱德华四世推上王位，但战争仍在继续，他们於1471年在伦敦塔内杀害了亨利六世。1483年爱德华三世拒绝了其外甥提出的继承王位的要求，并且疏远了许多约克党人。在博斯沃思原野战役战役中，兰开斯特家族的都铎（亨利七世）战胜并杀死了理查德，结束了这场战争。他通过婚姻将两个家族联系起来，并在1487挫败了约克派的起义。

English version：

1455～1485年

Roses, Wars of the

Series of dynastic civil wars between the Houses of Lancaster and York for the English throne. The wars were named for the emblems of the two houses, the white rose of York and the red of Lancaster. Both claimed the throne through descent from Edward III. Lancastrians held the throne from 1399, but the country fell into a state of near anarchy during the reign of Henry VI, and during one of Henry's bouts with madness in 1453 the duke of York was declared protector of the realm. Henry reestablished his authority in 1455, and the battle was joined. The Yorkists succeeded in putting Edward IV on the throne in 1461, but the wars continued, and in 1471 they murdered Henry VI in the Tower of London. In 1483 Richard III overrode the claims of his nephew Edward V to seize the throne, alienating many Yorkists. The Lancastrian Henry Tudor (Henry VII) defeated and killed Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the wars. He united the houses by marriage and defeated a Yorkist rising in 1487.