智力(intelligence)
学习、理解、对付崭新或艰难处境的能力。在心理学中,这个用语可能特定解释为:利用知识来操纵环境或以客观标准(例如智商测验)衡量之抽象思考的能力。智力通常被视为来自遗传特点与环境(发展性与社会性)因素的结合。这个主题一直倍受争议,而许多人试图揭示:生物学(特别是基因)或环境(特别是反映社会经济阶级的条件)在某种程度上是产生智力差异的全部因素。支持种族与智力关联的研究特别受到议论,其中大部分尚未被科学界接受。综合智力常被说成包含了各种不同的能力(表达能力、解决问题的逻辑应用能力等),但评论家论述:这样的分隔无法反映出认知的本质,而可能奠基於资讯处理的其他模式是需要的。高智力(由测验算出)有时显然与社会成就相关联,但大部分的专家相信,其他因素是重要的,智力并非成功的保证(缺乏智力亦非注定失败)。亦请参阅artificial intelligence、creativity。
English version:
intelligence
Ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations. In psychology, the term may more specifically denote the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (such as the IQ test). Intelligence is usually thought of as deriving from a combination of inherited characteristics and environmental (developmental and social) factors. The subject remains hotly debated, and many have tried to show that either biology (especially genes) or environment (especially conditions reflecting socioeconomic class) are more or less exclusively responsible for producing differences in intelligence. Particularly contested have been studies purporting to show links between race and intelligence, most of which have not been accepted in the scientific community. General intelligence is often said to comprise various specific abilities (verbal ability, ability to apply logic in solving problems, etc.), but critics contend that such compartments fail to reflect the nature of cognition and that other models, perhaps based on information processing, are needed. High intelligence (as measured by tests) is sometimes shown to correlate with social achievement, but most experts believe other factors are important and that intelligence is no guarantor of success (and its lack is no guarantor of failure). See also artificial intelligence, creativity.
参考文章
- 前些年国外某研究所的一项研究指出:“经常吃巧克力对儿童的智力发育有益。”研究人员对40名儿童进行调查,发现那些经常吃巧克知识题库
- 真诚永远都像镜子一样,当你真诚面对公众时,公众肯定会读到你的真诚;即使你存在错误和自己没有发现的过失,那可能是智力问题知识题库
- “人的智力是按人如何学会改造自然界而发展的”,这说明__知识题库
- 微软前技术总监纳森·梅尔沃德2001年组建“智力风险”公司,雇佣一群最聪明的人__生产技术专利,迄今已申请了价值八千知识题库
- 张某14岁,智力超群,大学二年级学生,张某因为有某项发明而与王某达成转让该发明的协议,该转让协议的效力如何知识题库
- 现在有些儿童因饮食不合理而存在智力发展缓慢的问题,最主要是由于他们缺乏必需的微量元素__知识题库
- 在农业社会,核心要素是土地:在工业社会,核心要素是资本:在知识社会,核心要素则是智力知识题库
- 人类智力是无法获得完美认知的,一个开放的社会,应该承认人类容易犯错的特征。而封闭社会则会否认这一点。封闭社会也在努力消除知识题库
- 国家公职人员遵纪守法,照章办事,不论远近亲疏都一视同仁;教师平等地对待每个学生,没有智力高低和家庭贫富贵贱之分;售货员公知识题库
- 咨询:是指人们以信息为基础,对信息情报、资料进行综合加工和创造,为社会有关用户提供各项服务的一项智力活动。下列属于咨询的知识题库