文化

浏览

文化(culture)

人类知识、信仰与行为的统合形态，包括语文、意识形态、信仰、习俗、禁忌、法规、制度、工具、技术、艺术品、礼仪、仪式及其他相关成分，其发展依人类学习知识及向後代传授之能力而定。文化在人类演化中扮演着决定性的角色，它让人类可以依据自己的目的去适应环境，而不单只是依靠自然选择来完成其适应性。每一个人类社会，都有其特别的文化或社会文化体系，个人的态度、价值、理想与信仰等，受其生活於其中的社会文化影响很大。各文化间的差异与生存环境及资源，语言、礼仪和风俗习惯等活动领域所固有的可行性范围，工具的制造和使用，以及社会发展程度等，都有很大的关系。文化常会因生态、社会经济、政治、宗教或其他足以影响一个社会的重大变革而发生变迁。参阅culture contact、primitive culture、sociocultural evolution。

English version：

culture

Integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that is both a result of and integral to humankind's capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations. Culture thus consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques, works of art, rituals, ceremonies, and symbols. It has played a crucial role in human evolution, allowing human beings to adapt the environment to their own purposes rather than depend solely on natural selection to achieve adaptive success. Every human society has its own particular culture, or sociocultural system. Variation among cultures is attributable to such factors as differing physical habitats and resources; the range of possibilities inherent in areas such as language, ritual, and social organization; and historical phenomena such as the development of links to other cultures. An individual's attitudes, values, ideals, and beliefs are greatly influenced by the culture (or cultures) in which he or she lives. Culture change takes place as a result of ecological, socioeconomic, political, religious, or other fundamental changes affecting a society. See also culture contact, primitive culture, sociocultural evolution.

参考文章

阅读全文