清朝

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清朝(1644～1911/1912年)

Qing dynasty，亦拼作Ch'ing dynasty，或称为Manchu dynasty。

中国最後一个帝制皇朝。西元1636年满族首度以「清」为国号在满洲建立王朝，而後当满洲人统治中国时，继续沿用这个国号。清朝期间，中国的领土大幅扩张，人口也大为提高。文化态度则极为保守，新儒学仍是居於主导地位的思想。艺术蓬勃发展：文人画广为流行，以白话书写的小说有相当大的进展；京戏也有所发展。清朝的瓷器、纺织品、茶叶、纸、糖和钢铁外销至世界各地。十八世纪後期的军事战役耗尽政府的财政收入，贪污贿赂层出不穷。上述的情况，再加上人口压力以及自然灾害，导致太平天国之乱和捻乱。这些动乱最後使清朝更为衰弱，以致於无力制止外国强权在十九世纪後期的勒索。清朝结束於1911年的共和革命，末代皇帝於1912年退位。

English version：

1644～1911/1912年

Qing dynasty

orManchu dynastyLast of the imperial dynasties in China. The name Qing was first applied to the dynasty established by the Manchu in 1636 in Manchuria and then applied by extension to their rule in China. During the Qing dynasty, China's territory and population expanded tremendously. Cultural attitudes were strongly conservative and Neo-Confucianism was the dominant philosophy. The arts flourished: literati painting was popular, novels in the vernacular developed substantially, and Beijing Opera developed. Qing porcelain, textiles, tea, paper, sugar, and steel were exported to all parts of the world. Military campaigns in the later 18th century depleted government finances, and corruption grew. These conditions, combined with population pressures and natural disasters, led to the Taiping and Nian Rebellions, which in turn so weakened the dynasty that it was unable to rebuff the demands of foreign powers in the later 19th century. The dynasty ended with the Republican Revolution of 1911 and the abdication of the last emperor in 1912.

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