拉斐尔(1483～1520年)
Raphael，原名Raffaello Sanzio。
义大利画家和建筑师。作为佩鲁吉诺画室的一员，十七岁他获得了自己的技艺并开始被委以重任。1504年，他移居佛罗伦斯，在那里他完成了许多着名的圣母题材作品。他融合的布局和对繁枝冗节的抑制在《圣母金翅雀》（约1506年）中表现明显。虽然受到达文西明暗法和渲染层次的影响，他的人物形象是他自己的创作，有着一张文雅的圆脸，揭示了人物情感，突现其庄重和宁静。1508年，他被召到罗马为梵谛冈的教宗宫殿装饰。这组壁画可能是他最伟大的作品。最着名的是《雅典学院》（1510～1511），华丽的罗列了寓言的世俗理解，展示了建筑师眼中的古希腊哲学家。他在罗马期间创作的圣母像显示了他从早期作品的宁静向强调运动和庄严的转变，这一变化部分来自於米开朗基罗的影响。《西斯汀圣母》（1513）展示了颜色的华美，构图的新颖大胆，是他罗马时期作品的典型。他成为罗马最重要的肖像画家，设计了十幅巨大的织锦悬挂在西斯汀礼拜堂，还设计了一座教堂和一座小礼拜堂。布拉曼特死後，他担任了圣彼得大教堂的指挥工作，并在事实上负责教宗任期内建筑、绘画和文物保护方面的所有专案。他在三十七岁生日那天去世，他最後的杰作《主显圣容》组塑，被放置在他棺材的前面。
English version：
1483～1520年
Raphael
Italian painter and architect. As a member of Perugino's workshop, he established his mastery by 17 and began receiving important commissions. In 1504 he moved to Florence, where he executed many of his famous Madonnas; his unity of composition and suppression of inessentials is evident in The Madonna of the Goldfinch (c. 1506). Though influenced by Leonardo da Vinci's chiaroscuro and sfumato, his figure types were his own creation, with round, gentle faces that reveal human sentiments raised to a sublime serenity. In 1508 he was summoned to Rome to decorate a suite of papal chambers in the Vatican. The frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura are probably his greatest work; the most famous, The School of Athens (1510-11), is a complex and magnificently ordered allegory of secular knowledge showing Greek philosophers in an architectural setting. The Madonnas he painted in Rome show him turning away from his earlier work's serenity to emphasize movement and grandeur, partly under Michelangelo's influence. The Sistine Madonna (1513) shows the richness of color and new boldness of compositional invention typical of his Roman period. He became the most important portraitist in Rome, designed 10 large tapestries to hang in the Sistine Chapel, designed a church and a chapel, assumed the direction of work on St. Peter's Basilica at the death of Donato Bramante, and took charge of virtually all the papacy's projects in architecture, painting, and the preservation of antiquities. When he died on his 37th birthday, his last masterpiece, the Transfiguration altarpiece, was placed at the head of his bier.