杜思妥也夫斯基(1821～1881年)
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor (Mikhaylovich)
俄罗斯小说家。生於莫斯科的中产阶级家庭，为了写作，很早就放弃工程师生涯。1849年因隶属於激进的论政团体而被捕，被判枪决，而在最後一刻被营救出来；被送到到西伯利亚劳改四年，在那里癫痫发作，并历经了宗教信仰深化的过程。後来，他发行期刊，并为几种期刊撰稿，也写出他最好的小说。他的小说特别涉及了信仰、苦难、生命的意义，因其心理深度和处理哲学、政治议题时近乎预言的洞察力而闻名。出版第一本书《穷人》（1846）後，同年又有《双重人格》。《死屋手记》（1862）以他的坐牢经验为基础，《赌徒》（1866）论述自己沈迷於赌博的情形。最着名的作品是中篇小说《地下室手记》和伟大的小说《罪与罚》（1866）、《白痴》（1869）、《群魔》（1872）、《卡拉马助夫兄弟们》（1880），後者是他的杰作，着重於罪恶问题、自由的本质、人物对某种信仰渴望。到生命末期时，他被誉为国内最伟大的作家，他的作品对20世纪的文学产生深远的影响。
English version：
1821～1881年
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor (Mikhaylovich)
Russian novelist. Born in Moscow to a middle-class family, he gave up an engineering career early in order to write. In 1849 he was arrested for belonging to a radical discussion group; sentenced to be shot, he was reprieved at the last moment and spent four years at hard labor in Siberia, where he developed epilepsy and experienced a deepening of his religious faith. Later he published and wrote for several periodicals while producing his best novels. His novels are concerned especially with faith, suffering, and the meaning of life; they are famous for their psychological depth and insight and their near-prophetic treatment of issues in philosophy and politics. His first, Poor Folk (1846), was followed the same year by The Double. The House of the Dead (1862) is based on his imprisonment, and The Gambler (1866) on his own gambling addiction. Best known are the novella Notes from the Underground (1864) and the great novels Crime and Punishment (1866), The Idiot (1869), The Possessed (1872), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880), his masterpiece, which focuses on the problem of evil, the nature of freedom, and the characters' craving for some kind of faith. By the end of his life he was acclaimed one of his country's greatest writers, and his works had a profound influence on 20th-century literature.