杜马

杜马(Duma)

全称「国家杜马」（Gosudarstvennaya Duma）。

俄国经选举产生的立法机构，等同於议会。其对政府大臣和国家预算的控制权及立法权都受到限制。杜马共有四届（1906、1907、1907～1912、1912～1917），均未得到大臣和皇帝的信任或合作，他们在非开会期间发布法令使其权力得以保存。在苏维埃时期，苏维埃是政府的基本单位。苏联解体（1991）後，俄罗斯议会拥有立法权，直到1993年与总统叶尔钦间的冲突造成危机为止。议会暴动由军队制止，在新宪法下产生的新议会包含了联邦会议（由俄罗斯共和国和地区的89个代表组成，拥有平等的代表权）及杜马。杜马有450名经选举产生的成员。在特殊情况下，总统有权废除或解散该立法机构。

English version：

Duma

(“State Assembly”) Elected legislative body that, with the State Council, constituted the imperial Russian legislature (1906-17). It had only limited power to control spending and initiate legislation, and the four Dumas that convened (1906, 1907, 1907-12, 1912-17) rarely enjoyed the cooperation of the ministers or the emperor, who retained the right to rule by decree when the Duma was not in session. In the Soviet era, soviets were the basic unit of government. After the fall of the Soviet Union (1991), the Russian parliament (composed of the Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet) had legislative responsibilities until its conflicts with Pres. Boris Yeltsin reached a crisis in 1993. Parliament's revolt was put down by military force, and a new constitution established a new parliament composed of a Federation Council (in which all 89 of Russia's republics and regions have equal representation) and a Duma, with 450 members elected through proportional representation on a party basis and through single-member constituencies. The president may override and even dissolve the legislature under certain circumstances.