高尔基_综合百科

高尔基(1868～1936年)

Gorky, Maxim，原名Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov。

俄国作家。童年生活贫困而悲惨，後成为四处漂泊的流浪者，因此取笔名「高尔基」（意为痛苦的）。早期作品以同情的观点描述俄罗斯社会底层人民的生活，这类作品有小说《切尔卡什》（1895）、《二十六个男人和一个女人》（1899）以及着名的剧作《深渊》（1902）等。由於参与革命活动，在国外度过七年政治放逐生涯（1906～1913）。回俄国後，完成最成功的杰作自传三部曲－－《童年》（1913～1914）、《在人间》（1915～1916）和《我的大学》（1923）。虽然早期常公开批评列宁和布尔什维克党人，但1919年以後他与列宁的政府合作。1921～1928年因健康不佳移居义大利，後受要回国，成为苏联作家的不容争议的领袖。1934年苏联作家协会成立，他成为协会的首任主席，协助建立社会写实主义的文艺理论和创作方法。他在接受治疗期间突然去世，有人认为可能是史达林下令将他处死。

English version：

1868～1936年

Gorky, Maxim

Russian writer. After a childhood of poverty and misery (his assumed name, Gorky, means “bitter”), he became a wandering tramp. His early works offered sympathetic portrayals of the social dregs of Russia; they include the stories “Chelkash” (1895) and “Twenty-six Men and a Girl” (1899) and the successful play The Lower Depths (1902). For his revolutionary activity, he spent the years 1906-13 abroad as a political exile. His works include the autobiographical trilogy My Childhood (1913-14), In the World (1915-16), and My Universities (1923). Though initially an open critic of Vladimir Ilich Lenin and the Bolsheviks, after 1919 he cooperated with Lenin's government. He soon became the undisputed leader of Soviet writers; as the first president of the Union of Soviet Writers, he helped establish Socialist Realism. He lived in Italy 1921-28. He died suddenly while under medical treatment, possibly killed on Joseph Stalin's orders.

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