赫鲁雪夫(1894～1971年)
Khrushchev, Nikita (Sergeyevich)
苏联领袖。父亲是矿工。1918年加入共产党。1934年被选入中央委员会，1935年升任莫斯科党委第一书记。曾参与了史达林整肃党内领导人的活动。1938年担任乌克兰的第一书记，1939年成为政治局委员。1953年史达林逝世後，他经历一番苦斗後才成为共产党总书记，而布尔加宁担任部长会议主席。1955年第一次离开苏联出国访问，显示他富有弹性，而仓促、轻率的外交作风成为他未来的独特商标。1956年在第20届俄共党代大会上，发表秘密演说，揭露了史达林的「不容异己、残忍和滥用权力」。结果有数以千计的政治犯获释。波兰和匈牙利运用反史达林化来改革政权，赫鲁雪夫允许波兰人拥有相当程度的自由，但当1956年纳吉想要退出华沙公约组织时，他派军粉碎了匈牙利革命。1957年党内形成一股反对势力，但他安稳地把政敌打散，1958年自任总理。由於主张与资本主义国家和平共存，1959年访美，但原本预定在次年与艾森豪在巴黎举行高峰会议却因U-2事件而取消。1962年他企图在古巴安装苏联飞弹，接下来发生了古巴飞弹危机，他才打消念头。因为意识形态的歧异和签署了「禁止核试条约」，导致苏联和中国的关系破裂。1964年因农业政策的失败而需从西方进口小麦，加上与中共的纷争，以及行政上的专断作风导致他被迫下台。
English version：
1894～1971年
Khrushchev, Nikita (Sergeyevich)
Soviet leader. Son of a miner, he joined the Communist Party in 1918. In 1934 he was elected to its Central Committee, and in 1935 he became first secretary of the Moscow party organization. He participated in Joseph Stalin's purges of party leaders. In 1938 he became head of the Ukrainian party and in 1939 was made a member of the Politburo. After Stalin's death in 1953, he emerged from a bitter power struggle as the party's first secretary, and Nikolay A. Bulganin became premier. In 1955, on his first trip outside the Soviet Union, Khrushchev showed his flexibility and the brash, extroverted style of diplomacy that would become his trademark. At the party's Twentieth Congress in 1956, he delivered a secret speech denouncing Stalin for his “intolerance, his brutality, his abuse of power.” Thousands of political prisoners were released. Poland and Hungary used de-Stalinization to reform their regimes; Khrushchev allowed the Poles relative freedom, but he crushed the Hungarian Revolution by force (1956) when Imre Nagy attempted to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. Opposition within the party crystallized in 1957, but Khrushchev secured the dismissal of his enemies and in 1958 assumed the premiership himself. Asserting a doctrine of peaceful coexistence with capitalist nations, he toured the U.S. in 1959, but a planned Paris summit with Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1960 was canceled after the U-2 Affair. In 1962 he attempted to place Soviet missiles in Cuba; in the ensuing Cuban missile crisis, he retreated. Ideological differences and the signing of the Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (1963) led to a split with the Chinese. Agricultural failures that necessitated importation of wheat from the West, the China quarrel, and his often arbitrary administrative methods led to his forced retirement in 1964.