索忍尼辛(1918年～)
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (Isayevich)
俄国小说家与历史学家。第二次世界大战中曾参军作战；1945年因批评史达林而被捕，在监狱和劳改营中服刑八年，刑满後又继续被流放三年多。1962年根据自己在劳改营中的经历写成《伊凡.杰尼索维奇的一天》，使他成为政府镇压的雄辩的抗述人。此後的作品被迫在国外出版，包括《第一圈》（1968）、《癌症病房》和《1914年8月》（1971）。1973年《古拉格群岛》第一卷问世，这是俄国文学中最杰出的作品之一，却导致索忍尼辛被控以叛国罪。1974年索忍尼辛被驱逐出境，移居美国，享誉世界。1994年结束流亡重返俄国。1980年代末苏联实行「开放政策」（glasnost）後，索忍尼辛的作品又可以在俄罗斯出版，但人们也随之失去了对其作品的兴趣，对索忍尼辛本人声称他是俄罗斯历史上的预言家的角色不予欣赏。1970年获诺贝尔文学奖。
English version：
1918年～
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (Isayevich)
Russian novelist and historian. He fought in World War II but was arrested in 1945 for criticizing Joseph Stalin. He spent eight years in prisons and labor camps and three more in enforced exile. With One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962), based on his labor-camp experiences, he emerged as an eloquent opponent of government repression. He was forced to publish later works abroad, including The First Circle (1968), Cancer Ward (1968), and August 1914 (1971). Publication of the first volume of The Gulag Archipelago (1973), one of the greatest works in Russian prose, resulted in his being charged with treason. Expelled from the Soviet Union in 1974, he lived in the U.S., enjoying worldwide fame, until 1994, when he returned home. In the late 1980s glasnost brought renewed access to his work in Russia, but also a loss of interest in it and in the prophetic role he claimed for himself in Russian history. He was awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize.