望远镜_综合百科

望远镜(telescope)

收集远处目标发出的光并得到它的放大图像的装置，毫无疑问，它是天文学上最重要的观测工具。开始时的望远镜通过透镜的折射来聚焦可见光；後来的仪器利用凹面镜的反射（参阅optics, principles of）。传统上把望远镜的发明归於利珀希（1570年～1619?），他采用了列文虎克在显微镜中使用透镜的办法。最早的一批望远镜中有伽利略望远镜，以伽利略制作的简单仪器为原型，伽利略是第一个利用望远镜来研究天体的人。1611年克卜勒设计出了一个改进型，成为近代折射望远镜的基础。1781年赫瑟尔家族用反射望远镜发现了天王星，反射望远镜也就自树一帜了。1930年代以来，使用无线电望远镜使天体发出的无线电波成像。更近一些，设计出了检测电磁波谱其他部分（参阅gamma-ray astronomy、infrared astronomy、ultraviolet astronomy和X-ray astronomy）的望远镜。太空飞行可以把望远镜带入地球轨道以避免大气的光散射和光吸收效应（如哈伯太空望远镜）。

English version：

telescope

Device that collects light from and magnifies images of distant objects, undoubtedly the most important investigative tool in astronomy. The first telescopes focused visible light by refraction through lenses; later instruments used reflection from curved mirrors (see optics). Their invention is traditionally credited to Hans Lippershey (1570?-1619?), who adapted A. van Leeuwenhoek's use of lenses in microscopes. Among the earliest were Galilean telescopes, modeled after the simple instruments built by Galileo, the first to use telescopes to study celestial bodies. In 1611 Johannes Kepler proposed an improved version, which became the basis for modern refracting instruments. The reflecting telescope came into its own after Herschel family used one to discover Uranus in 1781. Since the 1930s, radio telescopes have been used to form images from radio waves emitted by celestial objects. More recently, telescopes have been designed to detect other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (see gamma-ray astronomy, infrared astronomy, ultraviolet astronomy, X-ray astronomy). Spaceflight has allowed telescopes to be launched into earth orbit to avoid the light-scattering and light-absorbing effects of the atmosphere (e.g., the Hubble Space Telescope).

参考文章