容格(1875～1961年)
Jung, Carl Gustav
瑞士心理学家。幼时广泛阅读有关哲学和神学的书籍。在取得医学学位（1902）後，在苏黎世随布洛伊勒研究精神疾病。这个研究与容格复杂的主张结合，或许多与情感指令（多是无意识的）的联想。1907～1912年间他是弗洛伊德关系密切的同事，几乎可说是他的接班人，後来因他反对弗洛伊德坚持以性欲为神经症病因的主张，而中断合作关系。接下来的数年，他创立了分析心理学，以回应弗洛伊德的精神分析。他进一步研究外倾型性格、内倾型性格、原始意象及集体无意识（一代传一代的人类经验）等概念。他制定了一套心理治疗的技术，可重新认识一个人和他或她独有的「故事」，这个故事可能属集体无意识，而在梦或想像中表现出来。他的工作有时被批评是虚伪的宗教和缺乏可核实的证据，但他的研究影响到宗教、文学和精神病学。容格的重要着作包括了《无意识心理学》（1912，修订後改为《转变的符号》）、《心理类型》（1921）、《心理学与宗教》（1938）和《记忆、梦境和反应》（1962）。
English version：
1875～1961年
Jung, Carl Gustav
Swiss psychiatrist. As a youth he read widely in philosophy and theology. After taking his medical degree (1902), he worked in Zurich with Eugen Bleuler on studies of mental illness. From this research emerged Jung's notion of the complex, or cluster of emotionally charged (and largely unconscious) associations. Between 1907 and 1912 he was Sigmund Freud's close collaborator and most likely successor, but he broke with Freud over the latter's insistence on the sexual basis of neuroses. In the succeeding years he founded the field of analytic psychology, a response to Freud's psychoanalysis. Jung advanced the concepts of the introvert and extrovert personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious (the pool of human experience passed from generation to generation). He went on to formulate new psychotherapeutic techniques designed to reacquaint the person with his or her unique “myth” or place in the collective unconscious, as expressed in dream and imagination. Sometimes criticized as disguised religion and for its lack of verifiability, his work has been influential in religion and literature as well as psychiatry. His important works include The Psychology of the Unconscious (1912; revised as Symbols of Transformation), Psychological Types (1921), Psychology and Religion (1938), and Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1962).