毕卡索(1881～1973年)
Picasso, Pablo (Ruiz y)
西班牙裔法国画家、雕塑家、版画家、陶瓷家和舞台设计师。由担任素描教授的父亲给予训练，十三岁首度展出作品。1904年永久迁居巴黎後，他以「粉红色时期」（1904～1906）的陶瓷和肉体色调取代所谓「蓝色时期」（1901～1904）的支配性蓝色调。他的首件杰作《亚威农的少女》（1907）具有争议性，因为其中暴烈地处理女体，并有源自非洲艺术习作的面具似脸庞。翌年，他与友人布拉克从塞尚身上找到灵感，然後开始实验立体主义。1912年把上胶的纸和其他材料贴在画布上，进一步发展了立体主义。1917～1924年毕卡索为佳吉列夫的俄罗斯芭蕾舞团设计舞台布景。1920年代和1930年代超现实主义者刺激他去探索新的题材，特别是弥诺陶洛斯（Minotaur）的影像。西班牙内战可能启发了他创作出最伟大作品，即巨幅的《格尔尼卡》（1937），其中暴烈的影像谴责了生命遭受摧残的情形。第二次世界大战後，他加入共产党，并献身於雕塑、陶瓷、平版画和油画。晚年他创作了早期艺术家作品的变异，其中最着名的是以委拉斯开兹《小公主玛格丽特》为本的一系列五十八幅画。在八十年生涯皆是革新者，毕卡索似乎跳脱了批评，也几乎让20世纪每位艺术家都感受到他的影响。
English version：
1881～1973年
Picasso, Pablo (Ruiz y)
Spanish-French painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer. Trained by his father, a professor of drawing, he exhibited his first works at 13. After moving permanently to Paris in 1904, he replaced the predominantly blue tones of his so-called Blue Period (1901-4) with those of pottery and flesh in his Rose Period (1904-6). His first masterpiece, Les demoiselles d'Avignon (1907), was controversial for its violent treatment of the female body and the masklike faces derived from his study of African art. The next year, he and his friend Georges Braque found inspiration in Paul Cezanne before beginning to experimenting with Cubism, depicting multiple views of an object on the same canvas. By 1912 they had taken Cubism further by gluing paper and other materials onto their canvases. Between 1917 and 1924 Picasso designed stage sets for five ballets for Sergey Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. In the 1920s and '30s, the Surrealists spurred him to explore new subject matter, particularly the image of the Minotaur. The Spanish Civil War inspired perhaps his greatest work, the enormous Guernica (1937), whose violent imagery condemned the useless destruction of life. After World War II he joined the Communist Party and devoted his time to sculpture, ceramics, and lithography as well as painting. In his late years he created variations on the works of earlier artists, the most famous being a series of 58 pictures based on Las Meninas of Diego Velazquez. An innovator throughout his 80-year career, Picasso seemed to move beyond criticism and made his influence felt by virtually every 20th-century artist.