葛路克(1714～1787年)
Gluck, Christoph Willibald
受封为Ritter (Knight) von Gluck
德国歌剧作曲家。林务官之子，他离家到布拉格攻读音乐。他四处旅行，为不同的城市写作歌剧，1750年定居於维也纳，并在那里度过余生－－其中仅有一段时间住在巴黎（1773～1779）。1762年与歌剧脚本作者卡尔札比吉（1714～1795）合作，写下他最着名的歌剧《奥菲欧与尤丽狄西》，其中他借用了法国歌剧的面貌，成就了简化的歌剧风格，毅然与时兴而僵化的义大利风格分道扬镳。他的《阿尔西斯特》（1767）序文策画出「革新歌剧」的乐剧原则。他出任皇帝的宫廷作曲家。1773年迁居巴黎，在那里，先前他的学生玛丽－安托瓦内特即将成为皇后。在那里，他的《伊菲革涅亚在奥里德》（1774）、《阿尔米德》（1777）、《伊菲革涅亚在陶亚德》（1779）获得好评。其他歌剧（总数超过四十出）包括《Paride ed Elena》（1770）和《Echo et Narcisse》（1779）。他写过五部芭蕾，其中《唐璜》（1761）是他最早获得成功的情节舞剧（ballets d'action）之一。
English version：
1714～1787年
Gluck, Christoph Willibald
German opera composer. Son of a forester, he ran away to study music in Prague. He traveled widely, writing operas for various cities, before settling in Vienna in 1750, where he would remain—except for an interlude in Paris (1773-79)—the rest of his life. In 1762, with the librettist Ranieri di Calzabigi (1714-1795), he wrote his famous opera Orfeo ed Euridice, in which he borrowed aspects of French opera to achieve a simplified dramatic style that decisively broke with the static and calcified Italian style. His preface to Alceste (1767) laid out the musico-dramatic principles of his “reform opera.” He became court composer to the emperor. In 1773 he moved to Paris, where his former pupil Marie-Antoinette was on the verge of becoming queen. There he won acclaim for Iphigénie en Aulide (1774), Armide (1777), and Iphigénie en Tauride (1779). His other operas (of more than 40 in all) include Paride ed Elena (1770) and Echo et Narcisse (1779). He wrote five ballets, of which Don Juan (1761) was one of the first successful ballets d'action.