列宁

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列宁(1870～1924年)

Lenin, Vladimir (Ilich)，原名Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov。

俄罗斯共产党的创建者，1917年俄国革命的领袖，苏维埃国家的建筑师与创立者。出身中产阶级家庭，受到1887年密谋刺杀沙皇而被吊死的大哥亚历山大的影响很大。他攻读法律，在1889年执业时期成为马克思主义者。1895年以颠覆罪名被逮捕，并遭驱逐至西伯利亚，在那里娶克鲁普斯卡亚为妻。1900年以後定居西欧。1903年俄国社会民主工党在伦敦集会时，以身为布尔什维克派领袖代表出现。在他创办和编辑的几种革命报纸中，他提出党是无产阶级（以职业革命家为核心组成的集中化团体）尖兵的理论；他的理念（後称列宁主义）後来与马克思的理论结合，形成马克思-列宁主义，成为共产党人的世界观。随着1905年俄国革命爆发，他回到俄罗斯，但1907年继续流亡，往後十年再度进行他充满活力的鼓动。他把第一次世界大战视为把民族战争变成阶级斗争的机会，而在1917年俄国革命时回到俄罗斯，领导布尔什维克政变，推翻了克伦斯基的临时政府。身为苏维埃国家的革命独裁者，他与德国签订「布列斯特-立陶夫斯克和约」（1918），并在俄国内战中解除了反革命的威胁。1919年他建立了第三国际。他的战时共产主义政策盛行至1921年，而为了预防经济困境，他展开了新经济政策。自1922年起身体状况开始不佳，1924年中风而死。

English version：

1870～1924年

Lenin, Vladimir (Ilich)

Founder of the Russian Communist Party, leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917, and architect and builder of the Soviet state. Born to a middle-class family, he was strongly influenced by his eldest brother, Aleksandr, who was hanged in 1887 for conspiring to assassinate the tsar. He studied law and became a Marxist in 1889 while practicing law. He was arrested as a subversive in 1895 and exiled to Siberia, where he married Nadezhda Krupskaya. They lived in Western Europe after 1900. At the 1903 meeting in London of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party, he emerged as the leader of the Bolshevik faction. In several revolutionary newspapers that he founded and edited, he put forth his theory of the party as the vanguard of the proletariat, a centralized body organized around a core of professional revolutionaries; his ideas, later known as Leninism, would be joined with Karl Marx's theories to form Marxism-Leninism, which became the communist worldview. With the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of 1905, he returned to Russia, but he resumed his exile in 1907 and continued his energetic agitation for the next 10 years. He saw World War I as an opportunity to turn a war of nations into a war of classes, and he returned to Russia with the Russian Revolution of 1917 to lead the Bolshevik coup that overthrew the provisional government of Aleksandr Kerensky. As revolutionary dictator of the Soviet state, he signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany (1918) and repulsed counterrevolutionary threats in the Russian Civil War. He founded the Comintern in 1919. His policy of War Communism prevailed until 1921, and to forestall economic disaster he launched the New Economic Policy. In ill health from 1922, he died of a stroke in 1924.

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