罗马尼亚(Romania)，亦作Rumania。
欧洲东南部国家。面积237,500平方公里。人口约22,413,000（2001）。首都︰布加勒斯特。人民大部分是罗马尼亚人，少数是匈牙利人。语言：罗马尼亚语（官方语）。宗教：罗马尼亚东正教。货币︰列伊（leu）。境内以喀尔巴阡山脉的大圆弧地带为主，最高点是摩尔多韦亚努峰（海拔2,544公尺）。多瑙河形成南部界线，与保加利亚相隔。1948～1989年在共产党的统治下实施中央计画经济，从农业转向工业的经济型态。自1991年起，後共产主义政府开始把工商企业私人化。政府形式为共和国，两院制。国家元首是总统，政府首脑为总理。
1862年摩达维亚与瓦拉几亚联合组成罗马尼亚（更早的历史参阅Dacia）。第一次世界大战期间，站在同盟国一边，1918年因加入了特兰西瓦尼亚、布科维纳和比萨拉比亚，领土扩大一倍。第二次世界大战中与德国结盟，1944年被苏联军队占领，1948年成为苏联的卫星国。1960年代，罗马尼亚的对外政策经常不受苏联的干预。1989年推翻了希奥塞古的共产主义统治，1990年举行自由选举。20世纪整个1990年代，罗马尼亚试图稳定经济，并同猖獗的腐败现象和组织犯罪奋战。
English version：
Romania
Nation, southeastern Europe. Area: 91,699 sq mi (237,500 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 22,572,000. Capital: Bucharest. Most of the people are Romanian, with Hungarians a minority. Language: Romanian (official). Religion: Romanian Orthodoxy. Currency: leu. The land is dominated by the great arc of the Carpathian Mtns., whose highest peak, Moldoveanu, is 8,346 ft (2,544 m) tall. The Danube River forms the southern boundary with Bulgaria. Under communist rule 1948-89, Romania had a centrally planned economy that was transformed from an agricultural into an industrial economy. From 1991, the post-communist government began returning industrial and commercial enterprises to the private sector. Romania is a republic with two legislative houses; its chief of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. Romania was formed in 1862 by the unification of Moldavia and Walachia (for the earlier history, see Dacia). During World War I, it sided with the Allies and doubled its territory in 1918 with the addition of Transylvania, Bukovina, and Bessarabia. Allied with Germany in World War II, it was occupied by Soviet troops in 1944 and became a satellite country of the U.S.S.R. in 1948. During the 1960s Romania's foreign policy was frequently independent of the Soviet Union's. The communist regime of Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown in 1989, and free elections were held in 1990. Throughout the 1990s Romania struggled with rampant corruption and organized crime as it tried to stabilize its economy.