哥雅(1746～1828年)
Goya (y Lucientes), Francisco (José) de
西班牙画家和版画家。1775年为圣巴巴拉皇家壁毯工厂制作约六十幅漫画的第一批（画至1792年），而进入成熟期。1780年获选进入马德里皇家学院，1786年被任命为查理三世的御用画家。1799年在查理四世赞助下，他成为西班牙最成功和最时髦的艺术家，他着名的《查理四世一家》即绘於此时（1800）。虽然他欢庆自己的荣耀与成功，他留给恩主及其社会的记录却是尖锐无情的。他着名的《裸体的马雅》和《穿衣的马雅》（1800年～1805）蕴含色情，导致他在1815年被召唤到异端裁判所。1790年代病後他从此耳聋，他的作品采用了近似讽刺画的夸张写实手法。他的八十幅《狂想曲》（1799）是攻击政治、社会、宗教滥权的讽刺版画，成为版画史上卓越的成就。当拿破仑入侵西班牙时（1808～1815），哥雅制作了八十二幅蚀刻连作《战争的灾难》（1810～1820）。1824年他定居於法国的波尔多，1826年辞去宫廷画家之职，并开始制作平印。他异常丰产而多才多艺，完成了约五百件油画和壁画、三百件蚀刻画和平版画、数以百计的手绘图、超过两百件肖像。据说他只承认三位大师：委拉斯开兹、林布兰、大自然。他没有即时的追随者，但他的作品对19世纪欧洲艺术影响深远。
English version：
1746～1828年
Goya (y Lucientes), Francisco (José) de
Spanish painter and printmaker. He came to maturity in 1775 with the first of some 60 cartoons for the royal tapestry factory of Santa Bárbara, painted through 1792. In 1780 he was elected to the Royal Academy in Madrid and in 1786 was appointed painter to Charles III. By 1799, under the patronage of Charles IV, he had become the most successful and fashionable artist in Spain; his famous The Family of Charles IV was painted at this time (1800). Though he welcomed his honors and success, the record he left of his patrons and their society is ruthlessly penetrating. The eroticism of his famous Naked Maja and Clothed Maja (c. 1800-5) caused him to be summoned before the Inquisition in 1815. After an illness left him permanently deaf in the 1790s, his work took on an exaggerated realism that borders on caricature. His 80 Caprices (publ. 1799), satirical prints attacking political, social, and religious abuses, was an outstanding achievement in the history of printmaking. When Napoleon's invaded Spain (1808-15), Goya produced the 82-etching series The Disasters of War (1810-20). He settled in Bordeaux, France, in 1824, resigned as court painter in 1826, and began working in lithography. Exceptionally prolific and versatile, he completed some 500 oil paintings and murals, 300 etchings and lithographs, hundreds of drawings, and more than 200 portraits. He is said to have acknowledged three masters: Diego Velazquez, Rembrandt, and nature. He had no immediate followers, but his work profoundly influenced 19th-century European art.