[Æ´Òô]£ºWahabipai
[ÍâÎÄ]£ºal-Wahh¨gb¨©yah
½ü´úÒÁ˹À¼½Ì¸Ä¸ïÅɱð¡£18ÊÀ¼ÍÖÐÒ¶£¬Äº±Ä¬µÂ¡¤±¾¡¤°¢²·¶Å¡¤Íß¹þ²·´´ÓÚ°¢À²®°ëµº¶«²¿Äɼ¾µÂ¸ßÔ¡£¸ÃÅÉÔ×Ô³ÆÒ»ÉñÂÛÕß¡£Íß¹þ±ÈÅÉÒ»Ãûϵµ±Ê±·´¶ÔÅɶÔËûÃǵijƺô£¬ÏÈΪÎ÷·½ËùÏ®Ó㬺óËì³É¶¨Ãû¡£µ«Ò²ÓÐ³ÆÆäΪÍß¹þ±ÈÖ÷ÒåµÄ¡£Ö÷ÒªÁ÷ÐÐÓÚ°¢À²®°ëµº¡¢Àû±ÈÑÇ¡¢Ó¡¶È£¬Ó¡¶ÈÄáÎ÷ÑÇÒ²ÓÐÆäÐÅͽ¡£
×ڽ̸ĸïµÄÖ÷ÕÅÍß¹þ²·ÇàÄêʱÆÚÔøÔÚ°¢À²®ºÍÒÁ˹À¼¹ú¼ÒÓÎÀú£¬Ñо¿¶«·½ÕÜѧ¡¢ËÕ·ÇÖ÷Òåѧ˵ºÍº±°ÙÀïѧÅÉ·¨Ñ§¼ÒÒÁ±¾¡¤Ì«Ã×Ò¶µÄÖø×÷£¬²¢ÉîÊÜÆäÓ°Ïì¡£Ëû¸Ðµ½µ±Ê±µÄÒÁ˹À¼½ÌÒÑÍêȫƫÀëÁËĺ±Ä¬µÂʱ´úµÄÕýµÀ£»´Ó¶øÁ¢Ö¾¸ÄÁ¼ºÍ¸´ÐËÒÁ˹À¼½Ì¡£ËûÖ÷ÕÅ£º
£¨1£©»Ö¸´¡¶¹ÅÀ¼¾¡·ÓëʥѵµÄ±¾À´¾«Éñ£¬·´¶ÔÄÇЩËûÈÏΪÊÜÁËÏ£À°ÕÜѧ˼ÏëÓ°ÏìµÄÒÁ˹À¼ÕÜѧÅɱð£»
£¨2£©ÌᳫÑϸñµÄÒ»ÉñÂÛ£¬·´¶ÔÒ»ÇÐÒòÊÜËöÂÞÑÇ˹µÂ½Ì¡¢·ð½Ì¡¢ËÕ·ÇÖ÷ÒåºÍаØÀͼÖ÷ÒåÓ°ÏìµÄ¶àÉñ³ç°ÝºÍÒì¶Ë£¬·´¶Ô¹ý·Ö³ç°Ýĺ±Ä¬µÂ£»
£¨3£©ÒÔ¡¶¹ÅÀ¼¾¡·ºÍʥѵÀ´ºâÁ¿ËÄ´ó½Ì·¨Ñ§ÅɵÄÖ÷ÕÅ£¬·²Óë¡¶¹ÅÀ¼¾¡·¡¢Ê¥ÑµÏà·ûµÄ£¬Ó¦µ±×ñÑ£¬·ñÔòÒ»¸ÅÅׯú¡£ËûÈÏΪ°¢À²®ºÍÒÁ˹À¼¸÷¹úË¥ÂäµÄÖ÷ÒªÔÒòÊÇÓÉÓÚ±³ÀëÁË¡¶¹ÅÀ¼¾¡·ºÍÏÈ֪ĺ±Ä¬µÂµÄ½Ìµ¼¡£Òª¸´ÐËÒÁ˹À¼Éç»á£¬Ê×ÏȱØÐë¸Ä¸ïºÍ¸´ÐËÒÁ˹À¼½Ì£¬¸Ä¸ïÈËÃǵľ«ÉñºÍÐÅÑö£¬·´¶Ô³ç°ÝÎÔÀʥͽ£©¼°ÆäÁêĹºÍÒÅÎ»Ö¸´ÒÁ˹À¼½ÌµÄ¸ù±¾ÐÅÑö©¤©¤ÐÅÖ÷¶ÀÒ»£¬±£³ÖÒÁ˹À¼½ÌÔçÆÚµÄÆÓËØ±¾É«¡£ÕþÖÎÉÏ£¬Ëû·´¶ÔÍÁ¶úÆäÈ˶԰¢À²®°ëµºµÄͳÖκÍÓ¢¹úµÄÇÖÂÔ£¬ÕùÈ¡°¢À²®°ëµºµÄͳһºÍ¶ÀÁ¢¡£ËûÖ÷ÕÅÊ×ÏȲÉÓÃºÍÆ½µÄ·½·¨£¬Èç²»³É¹¦£¬¾ÍʹÓñ¦½£¡£ÖøÓС¶Ò»ÉñÂÛ¡·¡¢¡¶¡´¹ÅÀ¼¾¡µÊ×ÕÂîý½â¡·¡¢¡¶ÒÉÄѽÒʾ¡·µÈ£¬²û·¢ËûµÄÖ÷ÕÅ¡£
Íß¹þ±È¹úµÄÐËÍöÆð³õ£¬Íß¹þ²·µÄÖ÷ÕÅÔøÔâµ½ÀäÓöºÍ·´¶Ô£¬±»ÆÈÀ뿪¹ÊÏçÅ·Ò²ÄË£¬Ç°Íù´ï¶ûÒÁÒ¶²¿Âä¡£ÔÚÄÇÀËûµÃµ½²¿ÂäÇõ³¤Äº±Ä¬µÂ¡¤±¾¡¤É³ÌصÄÖ§³ÖºÍ¾ÓÃñµÄÐÅÈΡ£Íß¹þ²·µÄѧ˵ºÍÉ³ÌØµÄÎäÁ¦Ïà½áºÏ£¬ÐγÉ×Ú½ÌÓë¾üÊÂͬÃË£¬ºÜ¿ìͳһÁËÄɼ¾µÂµØÇø£¬½¨Á¢ÆðµÚÒ»¸öÍß¹þ±È¹ú¼Ò¡£1791Ä꣬Íß¹þ²·È¥ÊÀ£¬É³ÌؼÌÐøÊ¹ÓÃÎäÁ¦ÍÆÐÐËûµÄÊÂÒµ¡£¾¹ý20ÄêµÄÕ÷Õ½£¬µ½1811Ä꣬Íß¹þ±È¹ú¼ÒµÄÁìÍÁÒÑÀ©Õ¹µ½±±ÆðÐðÀûÑǵİ¢ÀÕÆÄ£¬ÄÏÖÁÓ¡¶ÈÑ󣬶«ÆðÒÁÀ¿Ë£¬Î÷´ïºìº£Ñذ¶£¬ÐγÉÒ»¸ö×Ôĺ±Ä¬µÂÊÅÊÀÒÔÀ´°¢À²®°ëµºÉÏ×îÇ¿´óµÄ¹ú¼Ò£¬Íþв°Â˹ÂüµÛ¹ú¶Ô°¢À²®ÊÀ½çµÄͳÖΡ£Òò´Ë£¬°Â˹ÂüµÛ¹úÊÚÒâ°£¼°×ܶ½Äº±Ä¬µÂ¡¤°¢Àï½øÐÐÌÖ·¥¡£¾¹ý7ÄêµÄÕ½Õù£¬Íß¹þ±È¹úµÄÊ×¶¼´ï¶ûÒÁÒ¶ÏÝÂä¡£°¬Ã×¶û°¢²¼¶ÅÀ¡¤±¾¡¤É³Ìر»ÑºÍùÒÁ˹̹²¼¶û´¦ËÀ£¬Íß¹þ±ÈÅɱ»¸Ïµ½É³Ä®µØ´ø£¬µÚÒ»¸öÍß¹þ±È¹úËì¸æÃðÍö¡£µ«Íß¹þ±ÈÅɸ´ÐËÒÁ˹À¼½ÌµÄÐû´«ÈÔÔÚ¼ÌÐø½øÐС£
É³ÌØ°¢À²®Íõ¹úµÄáÈÆð20ÊÀ¼Í³õ£¬°¢²·¶Å¡¤°¢Æë×È¡¤±¾¡¤É³ÌØáÈÆð£¬¼ÌÐøÓÃÎäÁ¦ÍÆÐÐÍß¹þ±ÈÖ÷Òå¡£1902Äê¹¥¿ËÀûÑŵ㬽ø¶øÍ³Ò»Äɼ¾µÂµØÇø¡£²¢ÔÚ¾üÊ¡¢ÕþÖΡ¢¾¼Ã¡¢×Ú½ÌÖî·½Ãæ½øÐиĸ1921¡«1925ÄêÏà¼Ì¹¥Õ¼¹þÒÁÀÕ¡¢Âó¼ÓºÍÂóµØÄÇ£¬¸Ï×ßÏ£¼Ö×ÈÍõлÀï·ò¡£1932ÄêÕýʽ½¨Á¢É³Ìذ¢À²®Íõ¹ú£¬¶¨¶¼ÀûÑŵá£