莫斯科_综合百科

俄语作Moskva

俄罗斯共和国和最大的城市。位於该国西部，横跨莫斯科河两岸，西北距圣彼得堡约640公里，西距波兰边界970公里。新石器时代就有人居住，1147年在文献中首见记载，当时是一个村落。13世纪末成为莫斯科公国的首都。15～16世纪在莫斯科大公伊凡三世和伊凡四世的统治下扩张，1547～1712年成为统一的俄罗斯的首都。1812年为拿破仑率的法军所占领，几乎遭火焚毁。1918年成为苏联的首都，领土并大为扩张。第二次世界大战时遭德军严重轰炸，破坏甚巨。1993年在叶尔钦解散国会後，曾发生反政府派系之间的武力冲突事件。六百多年来，莫斯科一直是俄罗斯东正教会的精神中心。现为俄罗斯的政治、工业、交通运输和文化中心。最着名的建筑是克里姆林宫，为坐落在莫斯科河旁的中世纪碉堡，沿着东墙的是红场。列宁陵墓就在附近，圣瓦西里教堂在红场的南端。市内有大剧院、国立莫斯科大学，以及其他许多高等教育机构。人口约8,405,000（1997）。

English version：

Moscow

Capital and largest city (pop., 1996 est.: 8,400,000) of Russia and the Russian Republic. It is located on both sides of the Moskva River, in western Russia, about 400 mi (640 km) southeast of St. Petersburg and about 600 mi (970 km) east of Poland. Inhabited since Neolithic times, the site was first mentioned as a village in 1147 and became the capital of the principality of Moscow (Muscovy) in the late 13th century. It expanded in the 15th-16th century under its grand dukes Ivan III and Ivan IV and became the capital of a united Russia (1547-1712). In 1812 it was occupied by the French under Napoleon and almost entirely destroyed by fire. In 1918 it became the capital of the U.S.S.R. and expanded greatly. It suffered much damage from German bombing in World War II. In 1993 it was the scene of armed conflict between opposing government factions after the dissolution of parliament by Boris Yeltsin. The spiritual home of the Russian Orthodox Church for more than 600 years, it is a political, industrial, transportation, and cultural center. Its most notable structure is the Kremlin, a medieval fortress on the Moskva, with Red Square along its eastern wall. The Lenin Mausoleum is nearby, and St. Basil's Cathedral is at the southern end of the square. It is also home to the Bolshoi Theater, Moscow State Univ., and many other institutions of higher education.

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