烧伤

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烧伤(burn)

接触火焰、炽热物件、某些化学物质、辐射（包括阳光）或电力所造成的身体损伤。烧伤根据皮肤损坏的深度和损坏部分的百分比来分类。一度烧伤只伤及表皮（最上层），出现发红和疼痛，极轻微的水肿。二度烧伤造成的损害扩展到真皮（内层），其特徵是发红和有水泡。三度烧伤破坏整层皮肤，无痛感，因痛觉感受器已随真皮全被破坏。深及皮肤以下的烧伤会释放出有毒物质进入血液，可能需要截肢。严重烧伤可立即导致二级休克，这是因为烧坏了的组织中失去体液以及损伤区渗漏也失去体液而造成的。治疗方法取决於烧伤的严重程度，一度烧伤只需要紧急处理；三度烧伤则需要长时间住院。根据烧伤的类型、范围和部位来决定该如何处理，伤口可能应任其曝露，或用绷带包紮，或切去坏死的组织，准备植皮。烧伤的并发症包括呼吸问题、感染、胃或十二指肠溃疡，特别是皮肤会留下褐色和厚的瘢痕。烧伤後抽搐发作和高血压几乎全都发生在儿童身上。存活下来的人通常需要作整形手术、长期身体复健及心理治疗。

English version：

burn

Damage caused to the body by contact with flames, hot substances, some chemicals, radiation (including sunlight), or electricity. Burns are classified by depth of skin damage and by percentage of skin damaged. First-degree burns injure only the epidermis (top layer), with redness, pain, and minimal edema. In a second-degree burn, damage extends into the dermis (inner layer), with redness and blisters. Third-degree burns destroy the entire thickness of the skin. There is no pain, because the skin's pain receptors are destroyed. Burns deeper than the skin can release toxic materials into the bloodstream and may require amputation. Secondary shock follows severe burns, caused by loss of fluid both in the destroyed tissue and in leaks from the damaged area. Treatment depends on severity; first-degree burns need only first aid; third-degree burns require long-term hospitalization. Depending on the type, extent, and site of the burn, it may be left exposed, covered with a bandage, or excised to remove dead tissue in preparation for skin grafts. Complications of burns include respiratory problems, infection, ulcers in the stomach or duodenum, and, especially in brown skin, thick scarring. Seizures and hypertension after burns occur almost entirely in children. Survivors usually require plastic surgery, long-term physical therapy, and psychotherapy.

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