弥尔(1806～1873年)
Mill, John Stuart
英国哲学家和经济学家。他由父亲詹姆斯.弥尔个别全力教导。在《逻辑学体系》（1843）中，他极力整理出以因果关系解释为本的人文科学逻辑。父亲打算让他继承哲学家边沁的衣钵，1823他协助边沁创立功利学会，虽然後来他大幅修改了承自两人的功利主义，以解决它所面对的批判。1825年他与边沁共同创立伦敦的大学学院。在《论自由》（1859）中，弥尔滔滔不绝地扞卫个人自由。他的《功利主义论》（1863）是以相近的推理尝试答覆人们对其道德理论的反对意见和消除人们的误解，他特别强调「功利」包括想像的乐趣和高尚情感的满足，并在他的理论体系中为遵循一定的做人原则留下一席之地。《论妇女的从属地位》（1869）对女权做出强烈而具有争议性的呼吁。其他作品包括《政治经济学原理》（1848）、《论宗教的三篇短评》（1874）和一本自传（1873）。身为19世纪改革时代重要的公众人物，他一直有兴趣当逻辑学家和道德理论家。亦请参阅Mill's methods。
English version：
1806～1873年
Mill, John Stuart
British philosopher and economist. He was educated exclusively and exhaustively by his father, James Mill. In A System of Logic (2 vols., 1843), he makes a valiant attempt to formulate a logic of the human sciences based on causal explanation. Intended by his father as the philosophical successor to Jeremy Bentham, he cofounded the Utilitarian Society with Bentham (1823), though he later significantly modified the utilitarianism he inherited from both men to meet the criticisms it encountered. In 1825 he and Bentham cofounded University College London. In On Liberty (1859) Mill eloquently defended individual freedom. His Utilitarianism (1863) was a closely reasoned attempt to answer objections to his ethical theory and address misconceptions about it; he was especially insistent that “utility” include the pleasures of the imagination and the gratification of the higher emotions, and that his system include a place for settled rules of conduct. His The Subjection of Women (1869) made a strong and controversial call for women's rights. His other works include Principles of Political Economy (1848), Three Essays on Religion (1874), and an autobiography (1873). Prominent as a publicist in the reforming age of the 19th century, he remains of lasting interest as a logician and ethical theorist. See also Mill's methods.