巴斯德(1822～1895年)
Pasteur, Louis
法国化学家和微生物学家。在高等师范学校学习後，开始研究极光对化合物的效应。1857年他成为高等师范学校科学研究部主任。他研究酒和牛奶（变酸）的发酵，得出的结论显示酵母菌能在无氧的情况下繁殖（巴斯德效应），因而推论发酵和食品腐坏肇因於微生物的活动，可藉隔绝或摧毁它们的方法来预防。他的工作推翻了自然发生的概念（生命起於没有生命的物质），并促成了加热式的巴氏杀菌法，在不腐坏的情况下生产醋、酒、啤酒。他在蚕病方面的工作拯救了法国的蚕丝工业。1881年他改良一种方法来分离并弱化细菌，进而仿效金纳的做法，在绵羊身上发展出炭疽疫苗，并在鸡身上发展出霍乱疫苗。後来把注意力转向狂犬病，1885年拯救一名被狂犬咬伤的男孩，方法是为他注入弱化的病毒。1888年创立巴斯德研究所，以研究、预防和治疗狂犬病。
English version：
1822～1895年
Pasteur, Louis
French chemist and microbiologist. Early in his career, after studies at the école Normale Supérieure, he researched the effects of polarized light on chemical compounds. In 1857 he became director of scientific studies at the école. His studies of fermentation of alcohol and milk (souring) showed that yeast could reproduce without free oxygen (the Pasteur effect); he deduced that fermentation and food spoilage were due to the activity of microorganisms and could be prevented by excluding or destroying them. His work overturned the concept of spontaneous generation (life arising from nonliving matter) and led to heat pasteurization, allowing vinegar, wine, and beer to be produced and transported without spoiling. He saved the French silk industry by his work on silkworm diseases. In 1881 he perfected a way to isolate and weaken germs, and went on to develop vaccines against anthrax in sheep and cholera in chickens following Edward Jenner's example. He turned his attention to researching rabies, and in 1885 saved the life of a boy bitten by a rabid dog by inoculating the boy with a weakened virus. In 1888 he founded the Pasteur Institute for rabies research, prevention, and treatment.