鼓

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鼓(drum)

由绷紧的膜振动而发音的乐器（属於膜鸣乐器）。从大体上说，鼓是一种以木、金属或陶土制的筒或碗状物，鼓的一端或两端鼓面用膜蒙上，通常用槌或手敲击。鼓的地理分布很广，摩拉维亚出土的鼓属西元前6000年。鼓有音乐以外的多种明显功能，如传送消息，主要是宗教用具。在一些民族中制造鼓时要举行仪式。现代印度的达马鲁鼓是一个沙漏形的拍打鼓。中国古代作战时用巨型大鼓。框鼓在古代的近东（主要由妇女使用）、希腊、罗马等地流行，在中世纪传入欧洲，其外形与结构多样。中亚、北极地区和北美的巫医宗教仪式中也用框鼓。有滚圆小球的双面框鼓（在印度和西藏）称拨浪鼓。扁形锅鼓最初见於西元600年左右的波斯绘画中，它最初用陶土制作，随伊斯兰文化而传到欧洲、非洲、亚洲。大型锅鼓作为一种乐器用於管弦乐队中是在17世纪。各种鼓在20世纪的管弦乐队、军乐队、舞蹈乐队、爵士乐队、摇摆舞乐队中都占重要地位。有时，非膜振乐器也称鼓，如钢鼓、铜鼓等。

English version：

drum

Musical instrument whose sound is produced by the vibration of a stretched membrane. Drums are usually either cylindrical or bowl-shaped. The drum is a universal instrument and very ancient; a drum dating to 6000 BC has been found in Moravia. Drums have been important ritually in cultures worldwide. Drums may have a definite pitch or be unpitched; those of Africa, South and Southeast Asia (see tabla), and the Middle East are mostly pitched, whereas Western drums are more often unpitched. Drumming has attained its highest degree of development in Africa and India. From the 13th century, folk dancing in Europe was accompanied by a single musician playing simultaneously the pipe or fife and the tabor, a small double-headed snare drum played with one stick. The side drum, or snare drum, has coiled wires or gut strings strung across the lower head, which vibrate against it when the upper head is struck. The powerful bass drum is used especially in marching bands. The pitched timpani are the standard orchestral drums. Until the 17th century, drum parts in Western music were entirely improvised. The drum set used in popular music is played by a single person and normally includes a snare drum, tom-toms, a pedal-operated bass drum, and suspended and hi-hat cymbals.

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