何梅尼(1900～1989年)
Khomeini, Ruhollah，原名Ruhollah Musawi。
伊朗宗教领袖和革命者。曾受宗教教育，1920年代初定居於库姆（Qom），在那里他被公认为什叶派学者，是伊朗统治者穆罕默德.礼萨.沙.巴勒维的反对者。1960年代初接受大阿亚图拉（ayatollah）称号。由於他公开发表批评政府的言论而於1964年入狱，然後被流放。後定居於伊拉克，1978年又�黄壤肟凭影屠韪浇Ｋ恿鞣诺叵蛩拟钒槊谴退荚�磁带上的资讯，以此来激励他们的革命情绪。伊朗骚动日增，直到1979年国王被迫出走。两个星期後何梅尼回到伊朗，成为伊朗政治和宗教的终身领袖。他的极端保守的国内政策，奠基於对伊斯兰教原教旨主义的解释；而他的对外政策既反西方又反共产主义。在他统治的头几年里，发生了六十六个美国人被挟持的事件（1979～1981），这个人质事件大大激怒了美国，也是灾难性的两伊战争（1980～1990）的开始。他至死都保持着权力，对他的思想体系坚信不移。
English version：
1900～1989年
Khomeini, Ruhollah
Iranian cleric and revolutionary. After receiving a religious education, he settled in Qom in the early 1920s, where he became known as a Shiite scholar and opponent of Iran's ruler, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Acclaimed a grand ayatollah in the early 1960s, he was imprisoned and then exiled (1964) for his outspoken criticism of the government. He settled in Iraq; when forced out in 1978, he settled near Paris. From exile he sent tape-recorded messages to his followers to foment revolutionary feeling. Iranian unrest increased until the shah fled in 1979; Khomeini returned two weeks later to be named Iran's political and religious leader for life. His extremely conservative domestic policies were based on a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, and his foreign policies were both anti-Western and anticommunist. The first years of his rule saw the taking of 66 U.S. hostages (1979-81), a move that greatly angered the U.S., and the commencement of the devastating Iran-Iraq War (1980-90). He maintained power until his death, unswerving in his ideology.