土耳其(Turkey)
正式名称土耳其共和国（Republic of Turkey）
亚洲南部和欧洲东南部国家。面积779,452平方公里。人口约66,229,000（2001）。首都︰安卡拉。种族包括了土耳其人和库尔德人。语言︰土耳其语（官方语）、库尔德语和阿拉伯语。宗教︰伊斯兰教（多数是逊尼派），极少数信奉基督教会犹太教。货币︰土耳其里拉（LT）。土耳其是个多山的国家，其高原覆盖了整个小亚细亚中部地区。最高峰为亚拉腊山，该国南部是托罗斯山脉。河流有︰底格里斯河、幼发拉底河、克孜勒河、门德雷斯河。生产及出口以铬铁矿为主，其次还有铁矿、煤、褐煤、铝土矿和铜矿。该国是中东主要钢产国。主要的农产品有小麦、大麦、橄榄和烟草。旅游业亦重要。政府形式是共和国，一院制。国家元首为总统，政府首脑是总理。
土耳其早期的历史相当於小亚细亚、拜占庭帝国以及鄂图曼帝国的历史。当君士坦丁一世将君士坦丁堡（今伊斯坦堡）定为土耳其的首都後，拜占庭的统治就开始了。12世纪开始的鄂图曼帝国统治了六百多年；1918年青年土耳其党暴动迫使其让出权力，结束了鄂图曼帝国的统治。在凯末尔的领导下，1923年宣布成立共和国，1924年废除哈里发。在第二次世界大战的大部分时间里，土耳其都保持中立，1945年站在同盟国一边。战後，土耳其政府在文官与军人之间来回变换，与希腊和塞浦路斯发生过几次冲突。1990年代发生过伊斯兰教徒与非信徒之间的政治和民间动乱。
English version：
Turkey
Nation, South Asia and southeastern Europe. Area: 300,948 sq mi (779,452 sq km); about 97% lies in Asia. Population (1997 est.): 63,528,000. Capital: Ankara. Ethnic groups include the Turks and Kurds. Languages: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic. Religions: Islam (mostly Sunnite); Christianity and Judaism to a small extent. Currency: Turkish lira. Turkey is a mountainous country with an extensive plateau covering central Asia Minor. The highest peak is Mount Ararat. The Taurus Mtns. lie in the south. Its rivers include the Tigris, Euphrates, Kizil Irmak, and Menderes. It is a major producer and exporter of chromite, and also mines iron ore, coal, lignite, bauxite, and copper. It is the Middle East's leading steel producer. Chief agricultural products include wheat, barley, olives, and tobacco. Tourism also is important. It is a republic with one legislative house; its chief of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. Turkey's early history corresponds to that of Asia Minor, the Byzantine empire, and the Ottoman empire. Byzantine rule emerged when Constantine the Great made Constantinople (now Istanbul) his capital. The Ottoman empire, begun in the 12th century, dominated for more than 600 years; it ended in 1918 after the Young Turk revolt precipitated its demise. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, a republic was proclaimed in 1923, and the caliphate abolished in 1924. Turkey remained neutral throughout most of World War II, siding with the Allies in 1945. Since the war it has alternated between civil and military governments and has had several conflicts with Greece over Cyprus. The 1990s saw political and civic turmoil between Islamicists and secularists.