德雷福斯(1859～1935年)
Dreyfus, Alfred
法国军官、着名的德雷福斯事件的当事人。犹太商人之子，曾在巴黎综合工科学校读书，後进入军界，并升至上尉（1889）。1894年调国防部工作，被指控向德国武官出卖军事机密。同年12月22日被判处在法属圭亚那附近着名的恶魔岛终身监禁。起初，因为德雷福斯是个犹太人，由排犹集团领导的法国媒体、社会大众都相信他是有罪的。1896年，另一法国军官埃斯特哈齐（1847～1923）的罪被公布於世，但却获判无罪。因而引起大众对德雷福斯案件的注意，认为他是被误判的。小说家左拉为了反对这一判决，曾写一封题为《我控诉》的信，发表在克里蒙梭的《曙光报》上。1899年9月一个新的军事法庭认定德雷福斯有罪，但共和总统为了消除争端，实行赦免。1906年民事上诉法院撤销了军事法庭的判决，为德雷福斯恢复名誉，并授予他荣誉军团勳章，晋升少校。他退居後备役。第一次世界大战期间被徵召，任中校，指挥一个弹药纵队。战後默默无闻。
English version：
1859～1935年
Dreyfus, Alfred
French army officer, subject of the Dreyfus Affair. Son of a Jewish textile manufacturer, he studied at the école Polytechnique, then entered the army and rose to the rank of captain (1889). He was assigned to the war ministry when, in 1894, he was accused of selling military secrets to Germany. He was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. The legal proceedings, based on insufficient evidence, were highly irregular, but public opinion and the French press, led by its virulently anti-Semitic section, welcomed the verdict. Doubts began to grow as evidence came out suggesting that C. F. Esterhazy (1847-1923) was the true traitor. The movement for revision of Dreyfus's trial gained momentum when Emile Zola wrote an open letter under the headline “J'Accuse,” accusing the army of covering up its errors in making the case. After a new court-martial (1899) again found Dreyfus guilty, he was pardoned by the president of the republic in an effort to resolve the issue. In 1906 a civilian court of appeals cleared Dreyfus and reversed all previous convictions. Formally reinstated and decorated with the Legion of Honor, he later saw active service in World War I. The affair resulted in the separation of church and state in 1905.