辛巴威(Zimbabwe)
正式名称辛巴威共和国（Republic of Zimbabwe）
旧称罗得西亚（Rhodesia）
非洲中南部内陆国。面积390,759平方公里。人口约11,365,000（2001）。首都︰哈拉雷。绍纳人约占总人口的70%，恩德贝勒人约占16%，白人约占2%。语言︰英语（官方语），但绍纳人和恩德贝勒人讲班图语的人较多。宗教：基督教、原住民信仰和伊斯兰教。货币︰辛巴威元（Z$）。辛巴威的主要地形特徵是从西南到东北贯穿全境的广阔的山脊，中央部分海拔1,200～1,500公尺。尚比西河形成辛巴威的西北部边界，还包括维多利亚瀑布。1959年在尚比西河上筑起一个大坝，形成卡里巴湖，面积约5,200平方公里，为世界最大人工湖之一。东南部有林波波河及萨比河。农产品、饲养牲畜及开采矿物在经济上占有重要地位。政府形式为共和国，一院制。国家元首暨政府首脑是总统。
境内曾发现五十万年前石器时代的文化遗物。西元5～10世纪期间，首批操班图语的民族来到此区，将布西曼居民赶到沙漠地区。讲班图语者第二次迁移始於1830年左右。在此期间，英国和阿非利堪人从南部迁来该地。1889～1923年英国南非公司治理该区。1911～1964年称南罗得西亚。1923年成为自治的英国殖民地。1953年该殖民地联合尼亚萨兰（马拉威）和北罗得西亚（尚比亚）组成中非罗得西亚和尼亚萨兰联邦。1963年联邦解散，南罗得西亚恢复其以前的殖民地地位。1965年单方面宣布脱离英国独立，但英方不承认，因此而遭到经济制裁为报复。1970年宣称为共和国，自称罗得西亚（1964～1979）。1979年由占多数的党派执政，国名改为辛巴威罗得西亚。1980年英国同意其独立，再次更名为辛巴威。1990年建立多党制。近几年来，政府对在殖民时期遭受歧视的黑人提供赔偿的政策，使白人农民和黑人政府领导者之间的紧张关系日益升高。
English version：
Zimbabwe
formerlyRhodesiaLandlocked country, southern central Africa. Area: 150,873 sq mi (390,759 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 11,423,000. Capital: Harare. The Shona make up about 70% of the population, the Ndebele about 16%, and whites about 2%. Languages: English (official); Bantu languages of the Shona and Ndebele much more widely spoken. Religions: Christianity, indigenous beliefs, Islam. Currency: Zimbabwe dollar. A vast plateau sloping southwest-northeast, whose central part lies at an elevation of 4,000-5,000 ft (1,200-1,500 m), dominates Zimbabwe's landscape. The Zambezi River forms the country's northwestern boundary and contains Victoria Falls, as well as a major dam (completed 1959) that created Lake Kariba, which, at more than 2,000 sq mi (5,200 sq km), is one of the world's largest man-made lakes. The Limpopo and Save river basins are in the southeast. Agricultural products, raising livestock, and working the mineral reserves, including gold, are all economically important. It is a republic with one legislative house; its head of state and government is the president. Remains of Stone Age cultures dating back 500,000 years have been found in the area. The first Bantu-speaking peoples reached it during the 5th-10th century AD, driving the Bushmen inhabitants into the desert. A second migration of Bantu-speakers began c. 1830. During this period the British and Afrikaners moved up from the south, and the area came under the administration of the British South Africa Co. 1889-1923. Called Southern Rhodesia (1911-64), it became a self-governing British colony in 1923. The colony united in 1953 with Nyasaland (Malawi) and Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) to form the Central African Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The federation dissolved in 1963, and Southern Rhodesia reverted to its former colonial status. In 1965 it issued a unilateral declaration of independence considered illegal by the British government, which led to economic sanctions against it. The country, which proclaimed itself a republic in 1970, called itself Rhodesia 1964-79. In 1979 it instituted limited majority rule and changed its name to Zimbabwe Rhodesia. It was granted independence by Britain in 1980 and became Zimbabwe. A multiparty system was established in 1990. During recent years, there has been increased tension between white farmers and black government leaders as the government has tried to introduce policies offering blacks redress for discrimination suffered during the nation's colonial days.