特兰斯瓦(Transvaal)
旧称南非共和国（South African Republic, 1856～1877, 1881～1902）
南非东北部的旧省。位於林波波河与瓦尔河之间，1800年时主要居住着操班图语民族。在1830年代的大迁徙中，布尔人（阿非利堪人）开始向北迁移，并於1877年建立起短暂的南非共和国。1868～1874年间该地区丰富的钻石和金矿资源被发现，吸引了英国，於1877年将其并为附属国，但1877年的一场布尔人起义又重新恢复共和国的独立。1886年发现更多的金矿，由此引来的外国人数最终超过了布尔人。1895年詹姆森企图煽动这些外国人推翻布尔人政府。1899年特兰斯瓦联合橘自由邦发动反对英国的南非战争。英国於1900年和1902年取得战争的胜利之後，特兰斯瓦成为其殖民地。1906年特兰斯瓦重新获得独立，并於1910年加入南非联邦（今南非共和国）。1994年特兰斯瓦被一分为四。该地区矿产和农业资源异常丰富。
English version：
Transvaal
Former province, northeastern South Africa. Located between the Limpopo and Vaal rivers, the region was inhabited c. 1800 chiefly by various Bantu-speaking peoples. The Boers (Afrikaners) began migrating there during the Great Trek of the 1830s. They established the short-lived South African Republic in 1856. Discoveries of diamonds and gold deposits (1868-74) heightened British interest in the region, and the British annexed the republic in 1877. A Boer rebellion restored it in 1881. Further discovery of gold in 1886 brought more foreigners, who eventually outnumbered the Boers. In 1895 Leander Starr Jameson attempted to incite them to overthrow the Boer government. In 1899 Transvaal joined with Orange Free State against Britain in the South African (Boer) War. It was taken in 1900, and in 1902, following the British victory, it became a crown colony. It was granted self-government in 1906, and joined the Union (now Republic) of South Africa in 1910. In 1994 the Transvaal was split into four provinces. The region is extremely rich in mineral and agricultural resources.