塔列朗(1754～1838年)
Talleyrand(-Périgord), Charles-Maurice de
法国政治家。受神职，1788年任欧坦主教。1789年被选为僧侣代表参加三级会议，他成为「革命的大主教」，要求徵用教会财产资助新政府，并代表神职人员支持「教士公民组织法」。1790年被教宗逐出教会，1792年被派往英国作为外交特使。在恐怖统治时期，他被逐出法国，1794～1796年住在美国。後来回到法国任督政府的外交大臣（1797～1799）。由於卷入贿赂丑闻（包括XYZ事件），他被迫暂时辞职。塔列朗精於政治生存之道，他支持拿破仑，又一次成为外交部长（1799～1807），後来出任宫廷侍卫长（1804～1807）。後来因反对拿破仑的对俄政策而辞职，但继续对拿破仑提出建议，安排他与奥地利的玛丽－路易丝结婚。当拿破仑面临失败时，塔列朗秘密运作恢复君主政体，1814年被任命为路易十八世的外交部长，并出席维也纳会议代表法国。1815迫於极端保皇派的压力而辞职，後来还参加了1830年的七月革命，1830～1834担任驻英大使。
English version：
1754～1838年
Talleyrand(-Périgord), Charles-Maurice de
French statesman. Ordained a priest, he became bishop of Autun in 1788. Elected to represent the clergy at the Estates General (1789), he became the “bishop of the Revolution” by calling for confiscation of church property to fund the new government and supporting the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Excommunicated by the pope in 1790, he was sent to England as an envoy in 1792. He was expelled from France during the Reign of Terror, lived in the U.S. 1794-96, then returned to serve in the Directory as foreign minister (1797-99). He was forced to resign briefly for involvement in bribery scandals, including the XYZ Affair. Adept at political survival, he supported Napoleon and again became foreign minister (1799-1807) and later grand chamberlain (1804-7). He resigned in opposition to Napoleon's policy toward Russia but continued to advise him, arranging his marriage with Marie-Louise of Austria. As Napoleon faced defeat, Talleyrand secretly worked to restore the monarchy; in 1814 he was appointed foreign minister to Louis XVIII and represented France at the Congress of Vienna. Forced by ultraroyalists to resign (1815), he later became involved in the July Revolution of 1830 and served as ambassador to Britain 1830-34.