联合国_综合百科

联合国(United Nations (U.N.))

1945年成立的国际组织，其宗旨是维护国际和平与安全，发展国际间以各国人民拥有平等权利并促成国际合作以解决棘手的人类问题。联合国这一名词原为第二次世界大战期间用以指那些联合反对轴心国的国家。国际组织在雅尔达会议上加以讨论，後在旧金山举行的联合国国际组织会议产生「联合国宪章」，於1945年10月24日生效。联合国设有六个主要机构。大会由联合国全体会员国的代表组成。大会每年举行一届常会，必要时可召开特别会议。安全理事会由五个常任理事国－－中国、法国、英国、苏联和美国－－和十个非常任理事国组成。经济社会理事会主要负责管理联合国的经济、社会、人道主义和文化活动。托管理事会的功能是在大会权力之下监督管理国对托管地的管理。国际法庭是联合国的主要司法机构，由大会和安理会选出的十五个法官组成。秘书处是联合国的行政管理部门，以秘书长为首，任期五年，由大会据安理会的推荐任命。联合国有时使用维持和平部队以制止各国或各国间发生的战斗。联合国下设的其他机构有：国际复兴开发银行、国际货币基金组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、世界卫生组织、联合国教科文组织和联合国儿童基金会等。联合国的一些组织曾获得了诺贝尔和平奖。联合国和安南共同获得2001年诺贝尔和平奖。会员国有189国（2000）。联合国总部设在纽约市，欧洲总部设在日内瓦。

English version：

United Nations (U.N.)

International organization founded (1945) at the end of World War II to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations on equal terms, and encourage international cooperation in solving intractable human problems. A number of its agencies have been awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace, and the UN was the corecipient, with Kofi Annan, of the prize in 2001. The term originally referred to the nations opposing the Axis powers. An international organization was discussed at the Yalta Conference, and the UN charter was drawn up at the UN Conference on International Organization (1945). It has six principal organs: the Economic and Social Council, the UN General Assembly, the International Court of Justice, the Secretariat, the UN Security Council, and the UN Trusteeship Council. It also has 14 specialized agencies—some inherited from its predecessor, the League of Nations (e.g., the International Labor Organization)—and a number of special offices (e.g., the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), programs, and funds (e.g., UNICEF). The UN is involved with economic, cultural, and humanitarian activities and the coordination or regulation of international postal services, civil aviation, meteorological research, telecommunications, international shipping, and intellectual property. Its peacekeeping troops may be deployed for the long term (they have been in the disputed Kashmir region between India and Pakistan since 1949) or for limited stays. Its world headquarters are in New York City; its European headquarters are in Geneva. In 2000 the UN had 189 member nations. The principal administrative officer of the UN is the secretary-general, who is elected to a five-year renewable term by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. Since the U.N.'s founding the secretaries-general and their periods in office have been Trygve Lie (1946-53), Dag Hammarskj?ld (1953-61), U Thant (1961-71), Kurt Waldheim (1972-81), Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (1982-91), Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992-96), and Kofi Annan (from 1997).

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