缅甸(Myanmar)，亦作Burma。
正式名称缅甸联邦（Union of Myanmar）
东南亚国家，滨临孟加拉湾和安达曼海。面积676,577平方公里。人口约41,995,000（2001）。首都︰仰光。居民主要是缅人，其他还包括钦人、掸人和克伦人。语言：缅甸语（官方语）以及许多原住民语言。宗教：佛教（占多数）、基督教、万物有灵论、伊斯兰教和印度教。货币︰缅元（K）。缅甸可分为四大区：北部山区和西部山区、中央低地和东部掸部高原。主要河流为伊洛瓦底江和萨尔温江。缅甸属热带气候，深受南亚季风的影响，境内极为多山的土地中仅有1/6可耕种。属开发中的中央计画经济，大部分企业已国有化，以农业和贸易为主。稻米是最重要的作物和主要出口物，柚木也很重要。现为军事政权，国家元首暨政府首脑为国家和平及发展委员会主席。
很久以前即有人定居於此，西元1世纪以後建有孟人和骠人王国。11世纪一个缅甸王朝统一了缅甸，13世纪蒙古人推翻之。葡萄牙人、荷兰人和英国人在16～17世纪来此贸易。18世纪雍笈牙建立了现代的缅甸国家。後来与英国因阿萨姆问题而爆发一连串战争，1885年缅甸落入英国人手里。在英国的统治下，缅甸成为印度的一个省。第二次世界大战时曾被日本人占领，1948年独立。1962年发生一场军事政变，军人夺取了政权，他们把主要的经济企业国有化。1980年代的内部不安造成反政府的暴乱，但被军队镇压下来。1990年反对党赢得全国大选，但军队仍继续控有政权。翁山苏姬翁试图在动荡不安中协商成立一个较自由的政府，1991年她获得诺贝尔和平奖。
English version：
Myanmar
Nation, S.East Asia, on the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Area: 261,789 sq mi (678,034 sq km). Population (1997 est.): 46,822,000. Capital: Yangon (Rangoon). Inhabitants are chiefly Burman; others include Chin, Shan, and Karen. Languages: Burmese (official), many indigenous languages. Religions: Buddhism (the majority), Christianity, animism, Islam, and Hinduism. Currency: kyat. Myanmar may be divided into four main regions: the northern and western mountains, the central lowlands, and the Shan Plateau in the east. Its major rivers are the Irrawaddy and the Salween. Myanmar's tropical climate is greatly influenced by the monsoons of southern Asia, and only about one-sixth of its extremely mountainous land is arable. It has a centrally planned, developing economy that is largely nationalized and based on agriculture and trade. Rice is the most important crop and principal export; teak is also important. It is ruled by a military regime; its head of state and government is the chairman of the State Peace and Development Council. The area was long inhabited, with the Mon and Pyu states dominant after the 1st century AD. It was united in the 11th century under a Burmese dynasty that was overthrown by the Mongols in the 13th century. The Portuguese, Dutch, and English traded there in the 16th-17th century. The modern Burmese state was founded in the 18th century by Alaungpaya. Conflict with the British over Assam resulted in a series of wars, and Myanmar fell to the British in 1885. Under British control, it became Burma, a province of India. It was occupied by Japan in World War II and became independent in 1948. A military coup took power in 1962 and nationalized major economic sectors. Civilian unrest in the 1980s led to antigovernment rioting that was suppressed by force. In 1990 opposition parties won in national elections, but the army continued in control. Trying to negotiate for a freer government amid the unrest, Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.